Ayn Rand

theory of Cannon - grains
not satisfied theory James - Lange, physiologist u.Kennon it proposed his own "neyral'nuyu" theory of emotions. Criticizing theory James - Lange, Cannon noted, first of all, the fact that the changes in the internal organs appear not to, but after the appearance of emotional experiences. Furthermore, emotions do not disappear with the interruption of crust or other nervous connections with the internal organs; the visceral changes, which accompany emotions, can occur, also, in the unemotional states; finally, internal organs are relatively insensitive. Cannon's theory - grains traces the connection of emotions with the function of the hypothalamus, which activates autonomous nervous system. Recognizing that the emotions are accompanied by visceral changes, Cannon rejected their feedback with the solid sensations, which composes the essence of theory James - Lange. Moreover, this theory connects each emotion with the special physiological signal, but Cannon revealed that the same visceral reactions appear independent of the specific character of emotional experiences. For example, for anger and fear are characteristic identical visceral reactions. However, also Cannon did not succeed himself in explaining the qualitative specific character of emotional states.

attributive theory of emotions
in order to artificially cause the specific emotional state in animals, Cannon introduced by it adrenaline, and physiologist g.Maranon made the same with the people. That that survived its subjects, Maranon it named "cold emotion" - "as if emotion". Subjects spoke: "I felt, as if I was frightened" or "I felt, as if me expects great happiness". Under the conditions, when emotional states were caused artificially, they did not survive as present. Since Maranon did not give to its subjects of the suitable base for the emotional sensations, authentic emotional reactions to adrenaline it did not appear. In other words, the subjects needed by something, to what it would be possible to assign (to atributirovat') its feelings.

cognitive theory of emotions
adrenaline causes many of those physiological changes, which accompany emotions. In the experiments with the introduction of adrenaline it was shown that against the background of the identical physiological action of preparation on all subjects the emotional effect was ambiguous and depended on the specific character of the cognitive processes of subjects, i.e., from that how they interpreted their state. Tested, to which they previously reported the introduction precisely of adrenaline and about the nature of its action, they did not yield to emotional influence; the same, which thought that the vitamin preparation with some side effect is obtained, they behaved just as the special "additionally planted weft", included in experiment as the control group. As a result tested, that are been located next to those "weft", which demonstrated euphoric behavior, they behaved thus, whereas those being being located near those, who expressed indignation, also became aggressive. Consequently, then that we feel (or we think that we feel), in many respects connected, in the first place, with our understanding of the fact that we make, and the situation, in which we are found, and in the second place, with the fact, as others behave in the same situation. For this reason the people sometimes become intoxicated from the nonalcoholic beverage, if assumes it for the alcoholic, especially in the drunk company.

emotion
psychologists were always interested in nature and explanation of emotional experiences.
although not many theories withstood the testing by time, some are still of definite interest.